O que dizem familiares de autistas sobre o trabalho desenvolvido pelos CAPSi? / What do family members of autistic people say of the work carried out by the CAPSi?

Resumo A política de saúde mental infantojuvenil, implantada no Brasil no início do século XXI, estabeleceu os Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenis (CAPSi) como equipamentos estratégicos para priorizar os casos de maior complexidade, com destaque para os autistas. Este estudo visa cotejar duas fontes de informação sobre a percepção de familiares de autistas acerca do trabalho desenvolvido pelos CAPSi: a primeira foi colhida em pesquisa de 2011, que utilizou grupos focais; e a segunda, a partir da literatura produzida sobre o tema nos 10 anos seguintes. As narrativas foram organizadas em quatro eixos temáticos: percepção sobre os efeitos do trabalho psicossocial; compartilhamento de informações; percepção sobre os processos de cuidado; e demandas e reivindicações. A despeito da heterogeneidade entre os estudos, os resultados indicaram que o trabalho dos CAPSi produz efeitos positivos, principalmente em relação à socialização. Contudo, essa percepção não é acompanhada de melhor entendimento do quadro clínico e dos processos de cuidado. O valor do tratamento é frequentemente atribuído à atitude pessoal dos profissionais, indicando a ausência de compartilhamento e participação dos familiares. Esses aspectos devem instigar os CAPSi a envolver os familiares como parceiros do cuidado, dando atenção especial à transmissão da lógica psicossocial, suas estratégias e direção do cuidado.

Abstract The child and adolescent mental health policy, implemented in Brazil from the beginning of the 21st century, established the Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenis (CAPSi - Psychosocial Care Centers for Children and Adolescent) as strategic services to prioritize more complex cases, with emphasis on autism. This study aims to compare two sources of information on the perception family members of autistic people regarding the work carried out by CAPSi: the first was collected in a 2011 survey, which used focus groups; and the second, from the literature produced on the subject in the following 10 years. The family member's narratives were organized into four thematic axes: perception of the effects of psychosocial care; information sharing; perception about care processes; and demands and claims. Despite the heterogeneity between the studies, the results indicated that the work of the CAPSi produces positive effects, especially regarding socialization. However, this perception is not accompanied by a better understanding of the clinical picture and care processes. The value of treatment is often attributed to the personal attitude of professionals, indicating the lack of sharing and participation by family members. These aspects should encourage the CAPSi to involve family members as partners in care, particularly valuing the transmission of the psychosocial reasoning, its strategies and direction of care.

O cuidado na casa de parto e sua conformidade com as diretrizes nacionais / Care in a natural birth center and due compliance with national guidelines

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a conformidade do cuidado oferecido pela Casa de Parto David Capistrano Filho-RJ às recomendações das Diretrizes Nacionais de Assistência ao Parto Normal. Estudo transversal descritivo com 952 observações, no período de 2014 a 2018. Análise de conformidade através de matriz de julgamento e classificada como conformidade total (≥75,0%), conformidade parcial (50,0%-74,9%), conformidade incipiente (49,9%-25,0%) e não conformidade (menor que 24,9%). Os resultados da matriz de julgamento mostram que o cuidado na atenção ao trabalho de parto, parto e assistência ao recém-nascido apresenta conformidade total em relação às recomendações das Diretrizes. O cuidado na Casa de Parto, conduzido por enfermeiras obstétricas, segue as recomendações das diretrizes nacionais, e vem evidenciando uma prática desmedicalizada, autônoma, que respeita a fisiologia do parto. Desenvolvem também um modelo de tecnologias próprias de cuidar, constituindo as tecnologias não invasivas de cuidado de enfermagem obstétrica.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the compliance of the care offered by Casa de Parto David Capistrano Filho-RJ with the recommendations of the National Guidelines for Care in Natural Childbirth. It involved a descriptive cross-sectional study with 952 observations, from 2014 to 2018. This included analysis of compliance using a judgment matrix and then classified as total compliance (≥75.0%), partial compliance (50.0%-74.9%), incipient compliance (49.9%-25.0%) and non-compliance (less than 24.9%). The results of the judgment matrix show that care in the aspects of labor, delivery and newborn care is in full compliance with the recommendations of the Guidelines. The care at the Casa de Parto Birth Center, conducted by obstetric nurses, follows the recommendations of the national guidelines, and has been seen to incorporate a de-medicalized, personalized form of care, which respects the physiology of childbirth. They also develop a model of their own technologies of care, constituting non-invasive technologies of obstetric nursing care.

Frecuencia de referencias ambulatorias injustificadas, en base a diagnósticos no pertinentes, realizadas a un hospital peruano de tercer nivel / Frequency of unjustified ambulatory referrals bases on no pertinent diagnosis sent to a third level Peruvian hospital

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia y describir las características de referencias injustificadas, en base a diagnósticos no pertinentes, enviadas al servicio de consulta externa adultos de un hospital de tercer nivel. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal, observacional y descriptivo, realizado en el Hospital Cayetano Heredia (HCH) en el periodo abril a diciembre del 2019. Se utilizaron los datos del aplicativo "REFCON" con una población de 99 891 referencias. Para la variable "justificación de la referencia", se utilizó un listado de diagnósticos que no deberían derivarse a hospitales de la DIRIS Lima Norte. Adicionalmente, se estudiaron las variables de edad, sexo, grupo etario, especialidad de destino, categoría del EESS de origen, distrito de origen, y diagnóstico del grupo de referencias injustificadas. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: La frecuencia de referencias injustificadas fue de 8,4 %. El 34,2 % fue de pacientes adultos; el 65,8 %, de adultos mayores; y el 67 %, de pacientes mujeres Las especialidades con más referencias injustificadas fueron cardiología, geriatría, medicina interna, medicina familiar y neurología. Los diagnósticos injustificados más frecuentes fueron hipertensión esencial, lumbago no especificado y cefalea. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de referencias injustificadas al HCH por diagnósticos no pertinentes fue 8,4 %, tasa similar a otros dos estudios, pese a la emisión de una lista de diagnósticos que no deberían derivarse a hospitales de la DIRIS Lima Norte.

SUMMARY Objective: To determine the frequency and to describe the characteristics of unjustified ambulatory referrals bases on no pertinent diagnosis done at an adult outpatient clinic of a third level Peruvian hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried-out from April to December 2019 at Hospital Cayetano Heredia. Data were extracted from REFCON with a population of 99 891 referrals. To justify the reference, a list of diagnosis that does not require referral was used. In addition, variables such as age, sex, specialty of destination, category of EESS, district of origin and diagnosis of the unjustified referral. Descriptive statistics was used. Results: the frequency of unjustified referrals was 8.4%; 34.2% comprised the adult population; 65.8% were elder and 67% were female. Specialties with more unjustified referrals were geriatrics, internal medicine, family medicine and neurology. The most common unjustified diagnosis was essential hypertension, nonspecific low back pain and headache. Conclusions: Despite of socializing a list of unjustified referral diagnosis a frequency of 8,4% remain in this category, which is like results from two previous studies.

A multicenter survey of critical neonatal care centers construction and treatment of critically-ill neonates at city- and county-level in Henan Province / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the current status of critical neonatal care centers (CNCC) construction and treatment of critically-ill neonates at city- and county-level in Henan Province.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted in January 2022 to city- and county-level CNCC in Henan Province. The basic information of CNCC, ward settings, neonatal management in the Department of Obstetrics and the treatment of critically-ill neonates in 2019-2021 were analyzed.Results:A total of 188 questionnaires were sent and 183 (97.3%) eligible questionnaires were analyzed, including 30 from city centers and 153 from county centers. The bed occupancy rate in county centers was significantly lower than city centers (67.3%±24.1% vs. 86.1%±23.2%), and the doctor/bed ratio, doctor/rescue bed ratio and nurse/rescue bed ratio were significantly higher than city centers ( P<0.05). All city centers had set up independent Department of Neonatology and the number is 92.8% (142/153) in county center. For 80.9% (148/183) centers, neonates were managed in the Department of Obstetrics with consultations and referrals to the Department of Pediatrics and 19.1% (35/183) were managed in the Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology. The average number of deliveries and admissions to the Department of Neonatology in both city and county centers decreased year on year during 2019-2021, but the proportion of premature and low/very low birth weight infants treated in these centers increased year on year. During 2019-2021, the top three diseases treated at the city centers were neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal asphyxia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, while the top three diseases treated at the county centers were neonatal asphyxia, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and meconium aspiration syndrome. The incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in city and county centers was (10~30)/100,000. Conclusions:The construction of CNCC in Henan Province is facing challenges such as decreased hospital admissions, increased critically-ill neonates, insufficient cooperation between Obstetrics and Pediatrics and waste of resources. Rationally allocated and optimised use of resources to improve the ability to treat critically-ill neonates is warranted.

Análise da influência do momento do ingresso em creches no desenvolvimento infantil / Analysis of the influence of the timing of enrollment in daycares on child development / Análisis de la influencia del momento de ingreso a las guarderías en el desarrollo infantil

Este estudo objetivou analisar a relação entre a idade de ingresso nos programas de educação na primeira infância (EPI) e o desenvolvimento infantil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com dados oriundos da Coorte de Nascimentos da Região Oeste de São Paulo, Brasil. Realizou-se o acompanhamento de crianças nascidas no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo durante 36 meses, entre os anos de 2012 e 2014, e de seus cuidadores respondentes durante a onda de seguimentos dos 36 meses de idade (realizada entre os anos de 2015 e 2017). O desenvolvimento infantil foi mensurado pelo instrumento Engle Scale do Projeto Regional de Indicadores de Desenvolvimento Infantil (PRIDI). Os programas de EPI foram avaliados em relação a sua qualidade. Foram utilizadas como variáveis expositivas as características sociais das crianças e dos seus cuidadores, bem como as características do contexto econômico e familiar. A amostra foi composta por 472 crianças e cuidadores. Observou-se que o ingresso na creche entre 13 e 29 meses foi o mais frequente. Quando considerados isoladamente, observou-se que uma maior idade de ingresso esteve associada com maior escore de desenvolvimento [β = 0,21, IC95%: 0,02; 0,40, p = 0,027]. Após a inclusão das variáveis de ajuste nos modelos de regressão, observou-se que estar inscrito em instituição do tipo privada, tempo total de aleitamento materno, horas trabalhadas fora de casa pelo cuidador principal e o controle inibitório foram determinantes para explicar o desenvolvimento infantil aos 36 meses na amostra. A idade de ingresso mais tardia nos programas de EPI pode ter efeito positivo sobre o desenvolvimento infantil aos 36 meses de idade, porém esses achados precisam ser ponderados.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the age of enrollment into early childhood education (ECE) programs and child development. This is a cross-sectional study using data from the Birth Cohort of the Western Region of São Paulo, Brazil, with a 36-month follow-up of children born at the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo from 2012 to 2014, and their caregivers who participated in the 36-month follow-up conducted from 2015 to 2017. Child development was measured by the Engle Scale of the Regional Project on Child Development Indicators (PRIDI). ECE programs were evaluated in relation to their quality. The social characteristics of the children and their caregivers, as well as the characteristics of the economic and family context, were used as exposure variables. Our sample consisted of 472 children and their parents/caregivers. The enrollment into daycare from 13 and 29 months was the most frequent. When considered alone, a higher age of enrollment was associated with higher development score [β = 0.21, 95%CI: 0.02; 0.40, p = 0.027]. After adjusting for confounding variables in the regression models, it was observed that being enrolled in a private institution, total time of breastfeeding, time spent by the main caregiver working outside home, and inhibitory control were determinants in explaining the infant development at 36 months in the sample. Older age of entry into ECE programs may have a positive effect on infant development at 36 months of age, but these findings must be carefully considered.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre la edad de ingreso a los programas de educación infantil (EPI) y el desarrollo infantil. Se trata de un estudio transversal con datos de la Cohorte de Nacimientos de la Región Oeste de São Paulo, Brasil, con seguimiento de 36 meses de niños nacidos en el Hospital Universitario de la Universidad de São Paulo entre 2012 y 2014 y sus cuidadores durante la ola de seguimientos de los 36 meses de edad (realizada entre los años de 2015 y 2017). El desarrollo infantil se midió utilizando el instrumento Engle Scale do Proyecto Regional de Indicadores de Desarollo Infantil (PRIDI). Los programas de EPI fueron evaluados por su calidad. Se utilizaron como variables expositivas las características sociales de los niños y sus cuidadores, así como las características del contexto económico y familiar. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 472 niños y cuidadores. Se observó que el ingreso a la guardería entre 13 y 29 meses fue el más frecuente. Cuando considerados aisladamente, se observó que una mayor edad de ingreso estuvo asociada con mayor puntuación de desarrollo [β = 0,21, IC95%; 0,02; 0,40, p = 0,027]. Luego de incluir las variables de ajuste en los modelos de regresión, se observó que el estar matriculado en una institución privada, el tiempo total de lactancia, las horas trabajadas fuera del hogar por el cuidador principal y el control inhibitorio fueron determinantes para explicar el desarrollo infantil a los 36 meses de la muestra. La edad de ingreso más tardía en los programas de EPI puede tener un efecto positivo sobre el desarrollo infantil a los 36 meses de edad, pero estos hallazgos necesitan ser ponderados. cia al parto y nacimiento, con seguridad y cuidado, sin afectar los resultados.

Análise da influência do momento do ingresso em creches no desenvolvimento infantil / Analysis of the influence of the timing of enrollment in daycares on child development / Análisis de la influencia del momento de ingreso a las guarderías en el desarrollo infantil

Este estudo objetivou analisar a relação entre a idade de ingresso nos programas de educação na primeira infância (EPI) e o desenvolvimento infantil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com dados oriundos da Coorte de Nascimentos da Região Oeste de São Paulo, Brasil. Realizou-se o acompanhamento de crianças nascidas no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo durante 36 meses, entre os anos de 2012 e 2014, e de seus cuidadores respondentes durante a onda de seguimentos dos 36 meses de idade (realizada entre os anos de 2015 e 2017). O desenvolvimento infantil foi mensurado pelo instrumento Engle Scale do Projeto Regional de Indicadores de Desenvolvimento Infantil (PRIDI). Os programas de EPI foram avaliados em relação a sua qualidade. Foram utilizadas como variáveis expositivas as características sociais das crianças e dos seus cuidadores, bem como as características do contexto econômico e familiar. A amostra foi composta por 472 crianças e cuidadores. Observou-se que o ingresso na creche entre 13 e 29 meses foi o mais frequente. Quando considerados isoladamente, observou-se que uma maior idade de ingresso esteve associada com maior escore de desenvolvimento [β = 0,21, IC95%: 0,02; 0,40, p = 0,027]. Após a inclusão das variáveis de ajuste nos modelos de regressão, observou-se que estar inscrito em instituição do tipo privada, tempo total de aleitamento materno, horas trabalhadas fora de casa pelo cuidador principal e o controle inibitório foram determinantes para explicar o desenvolvimento infantil aos 36 meses na amostra. A idade de ingresso mais tardia nos programas de EPI pode ter efeito positivo sobre o desenvolvimento infantil aos 36 meses de idade, porém esses achados precisam ser ponderados.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the age of enrollment into early childhood education (ECE) programs and child development. This is a cross-sectional study using data from the Birth Cohort of the Western Region of São Paulo, Brazil, with a 36-month follow-up of children born at the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo from 2012 to 2014, and their caregivers who participated in the 36-month follow-up conducted from 2015 to 2017. Child development was measured by the Engle Scale of the Regional Project on Child Development Indicators (PRIDI). ECE programs were evaluated in relation to their quality. The social characteristics of the children and their caregivers, as well as the characteristics of the economic and family context, were used as exposure variables. Our sample consisted of 472 children and their parents/caregivers. The enrollment into daycare from 13 and 29 months was the most frequent. When considered alone, a higher age of enrollment was associated with higher development score [β = 0.21, 95%CI: 0.02; 0.40, p = 0.027]. After adjusting for confounding variables in the regression models, it was observed that being enrolled in a private institution, total time of breastfeeding, time spent by the main caregiver working outside home, and inhibitory control were determinants in explaining the infant development at 36 months in the sample. Older age of entry into ECE programs may have a positive effect on infant development at 36 months of age, but these findings must be carefully considered.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre la edad de ingreso a los programas de educación infantil (EPI) y el desarrollo infantil. Se trata de un estudio transversal con datos de la Cohorte de Nacimientos de la Región Oeste de São Paulo, Brasil, con seguimiento de 36 meses de niños nacidos en el Hospital Universitario de la Universidad de São Paulo entre 2012 y 2014 y sus cuidadores durante la ola de seguimientos de los 36 meses de edad (realizada entre los años de 2015 y 2017). El desarrollo infantil se midió utilizando el instrumento Engle Scale do Proyecto Regional de Indicadores de Desarollo Infantil (PRIDI). Los programas de EPI fueron evaluados por su calidad. Se utilizaron como variables expositivas las características sociales de los niños y sus cuidadores, así como las características del contexto económico y familiar. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 472 niños y cuidadores. Se observó que el ingreso a la guardería entre 13 y 29 meses fue el más frecuente. Cuando considerados aisladamente, se observó que una mayor edad de ingreso estuvo asociada con mayor puntuación de desarrollo [β = 0,21, IC95%; 0,02; 0,40, p = 0,027]. Luego de incluir las variables de ajuste en los modelos de regresión, se observó que el estar matriculado en una institución privada, el tiempo total de lactancia, las horas trabajadas fuera del hogar por el cuidador principal y el control inhibitorio fueron determinantes para explicar el desarrollo infantil a los 36 meses de la muestra. La edad de ingreso más tardía en los programas de EPI puede tener un efecto positivo sobre el desarrollo infantil a los 36 meses de edad, pero estos hallazgos necesitan ser ponderados. cia al parto y nacimiento, con seguridad y cuidado, sin afectar los resultados.

Eating habits: what foods do children between 12 and 36 months consume? / Hábitos alimentarios: ¿qué alimentos consumen los niños de 12 a 36 meses? / Hábitos alimentares: que alimentos consomem as crianças dos 12 aos 36 meses?

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify toddlers' eating habits. Method: a cross-sectional study of quantitative analysis, with a sample of 808 toddlers who attended day care centers in the district of Viseu, Portugal, between November 2018 and September 2019. Data were collected using a questionnaire directed at parents. Results: the prevalence of children who ate six meals a day was 42.8%, and 42.5%, those who ate five meals. It was found that 2.0% of children consumed chocolates, 1.0%, desserts, and 0.4%, carbonated beverages, daily. On average, dairy product (M=5.61; SD=2.62) and meat/fish/egg (M=4.80; SD=3.57) consumption was higher than recommended, while fat (M=0.48; SD=0.40), legume (M=0.49; SD=0.45), vegetable (M=1.18; SD=0.87) and water (M=0 .51; SD=0.29) consumption was lower. Conclusions: there was a higher or lower consumption than recommended for some foods, highlighting the need to implement nursing intervention programs aimed at promoting healthy eating habits in toddlers and families.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los hábitos alimentarios de los niños pequeños. Método: estudio transversal con análisis cuantitativo, con una muestra de 808 niños pequeños que asistieron a guarderías en el distrito de Viseu, Portugal, entre noviembre de 2018 y septiembre de 2019. La recopilación de datos utilizó un cuestionario dirigido a los padres. Resultados: la prevalencia de niños que hacían seis comidas al día fue de 42,8%, y de 42,5%, los que hacían cinco comidas. Se encontró que el 2,0% de los niños consumía chocolates, el 1,0% postres dulces y el 0,4% bebidas carbonatadas diariamente. En promedio, el consumo de productos lácteos (M=5,61; DE=2,62) y carne/pescado/huevos (M=4,80; DE=3,57) fue superior al recomendado, mientras que el consumo de grasas (M=0,48; DE=0,40), legumbres (M=0,49; DE=0,45), hortalizas (M=1,18; DE=0,87) y agua (M=0,51; DE=0,29) fue menor. Conclusiones: hubo un consumo superior o inferior al recomendado para algunos alimentos, destacando la necesidad de implementar programas de intervención de enfermería dirigidos a promover hábitos alimentarios saludables en los toddles y las familias.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os hábitos alimentares dos toddlers. Método: estudo transversal de análise quantitativa, com amostra de 808 toddlers que frequentavam creches do distrito de Viseu, Portugal, entre novembro de 2018 e setembro de 2019. Realizou-se coleta de dados com um questionário direcionado aos pais. Resultados: a prevalência de crianças que diariamente realizavam seis refeições era de 42,8%, e 42,5%, as que realizavam cinco refeições. Constatou-se que 2,0% das crianças consumia chocolates, 1,0%, sobremesas doces, e 0,4%, bebidas gaseificadas, diariamente. Em média, o consumo de laticínios (M=5,61; DP=2,62) e de carnes/peixes/ovos (M=4,80; DP=3,57) era superior ao recomendado, enquanto o consumo de gorduras (M=0,48; DP=0,40), leguminosas (M=0,49; DP=0,45), vegetais (M=1,18; DP=0,87) e de água (M=0,51; DP=0,29) era inferior. Conclusões: verificou-se um consumo superior ou inferior ao recomendado para alguns alimentos, salientando a necessidade de implementação de programas de intervenção de enfermagem que visam promover hábitos alimentares saudáveis nos toddlers e famílias.

Avaliação das políticas sociais brasileiras para a eliminação da desigualdade de gêneros / Assessment of the contribution of Brazilian social policies to the elimination of gender inequality

O Estado de Bem-estar é o resultado de uma evolução histórica, econômica, política e social, e dependendo do regime em cada país, haverá políticas sociais mais abrangentes que outras. Tais políticas apresentam um conjunto de garantias necessárias para a redução das distorções provenientes do modelo industrial capitalista que emergiu na Europa, no final do século XIX. Dentre os exemplos mais exitosos destacamos o regime dinamarquês, que ganha destaque neste trabalho por refletir o sistema de licenças familiares mais completo e eficiente, capaz de garantir acesso universal às mães e seus filhos pequenos, minimizando a estratificação social e a mercadorização das garantias sociais. O Brasil está longe dessa realidade, porém passou a desenvolver, após 1930, uma série de políticas sociais as quais, a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, passaram a ter caráter universal. A presente pesquisa teve como objeto a análise comparativa das políticas sociais dirigidas às famílias com crianças pequenas no Brasil e na Dinamarca, e como objetivo analisar a contribuição das políticas sociais brasileiras para a superação da desigualdade de gêneros, para a promoção da cidadania das mulheres e do desenvolvimento das crianças. A análise centrou-se na regulamentação das licenças de proteção da maternidade, paternidade e parentalidade; nos subsídios atribuídos às famílias com crianças pequenas e na política de creches dos dois países. A metodologia utilizada foi baseada, principalmente, numa revisão bibliográfica e da legislação, utilizando como fonte secundária a base de dados online da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Google acadêmico, periódicos CAPES, base de dados MISSOC - Mutual Information System on Social Protection, OCDE, ILO e CEPAL. Os dados estatísticos utilizados foram obtidos das bases da OCDE e da Pordata (baseada no Eurostat), Banco Mundial (The World Bank Data), além da Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional. Como resultados encontrei uma disparidade entre os 2 países analisados quanto: a licença parental - ausente no Brasil, e a política de creches na Dinamarca ­ universal a partir de 26 semanas de vida onde os profissionais possuem expertise para atuarem com crianças pequenas nas creches e jardins de infância. (AU)

The Welfare State is the result of a historical, economic, political and social evolution, and depending on the regime in each country, there will be more comprehensive social policies than others. These policies provide a set of guarantees needed to reduce the distortions caused by the capitalist industrial model that emerged in Europe at the end of the 19th century. Among the most successful examples is the Danish system, which is highlighted in this article for reflecting the most complete and efficient family leave system, capable of guaranteeing universal access to mothers and their young children, minimizing social stratification and the commodification of social guarantees. Brazil is far from this reality, but after 1930 it began to develop a series of social policies which, since the 1988 Federal Constitution, have been universal in nature. The purpose of this research is to compare social policies aimed at families with young children in Brazil and Denmark, with the aim of analyzing the contribution of Brazilian social policies to overcoming gender inequality, promoting women's citizenship and children's development. The analysis focused on the regulation of maternity, paternity, and parental leave; the subsidies granted to families with young children and the nursery policy of the two countries. The methodology used was based mainly on a bibliographic and legislative review, using as a secondary source the online database of the Virtual Health Library (VHL), Google Scholar, CAPES journals, MISSOC database - Mutual Information System on Social Protection, ILO and CEPAL. The statistical data used was obtained from the OECD and Pordata databases (based on Eurostat), World Bank (The World Bank Data) and National Treasury Secretary of Brazil. As a result, I found a disparity between the two countries analyzed in terms of: parental leave - absent in Brazil and the nursery policy in Denmark - universal from 26 weeks of age where professionals have the expertise to work with young children in day care centers and nurseries. (AU)

Educação Permanente em Saúde como estratégia para trabalho colaborativo na Rede de Atenção Psicossocial / Permanent Education in Healthcare as a strategy for promoting collaborative practice in the Psychosocial Care Network / Educación Permanente en Salud como estrategia para el trabajo colaborativo en la Red de Atención Psicosocial

Resumo Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa que buscou compreender o cuidado em Saúde Mental realizado pelas equipes dos Núcleos Ampliados de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica (Nasf-AB) e Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (Caps), por meio da inserção na Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (Raps). Utilizou-se a Educação Permanente em Saúde (EPS) como estratégia fundamental para o grupo-intervenção, a fim de lidar com as dificuldades e virtudes do processo de articulação em rede. Ao oferecer espaço de diálogo entre profissionais de Saúde Mental, foi possível caracterizar os trabalhadores dos serviços envolvidos com a ação e analisar as seguintes categorias: (1) Estratégias para o trabalho articulado em Saúde Mental; (2) Desafios para o trabalho articulado em Saúde Mental; (3) Pandemia e Raps. Contribuiu-se para o fortalecimento da Raps, articulação entre os equipamentos e aprimoramento do cuidado que vem sendo ofertado à população com sofrimento mental da região. (AU)

Abstract This qualitative study aimed to understand the provision of mental health care in family health support centers (NASF-AB) and psychosocial care centers (CAPS) after their incorporation into the Psychosocial Care Network (RAPS). Permanent Education in Healthcare (EPS) was used as the core strategy for the group intervention to capture the difficulties and virtues of the network-based care process. By providing mental health professionals an opportunity for dialogue, it was possible to characterize the workers of the services involved in the action and analyze the following categories: (1) Coordinated mental health care strategies; (2) Challenges in promoting coordinated mental health care; and (3) The pandemic and the RAPS. The strategy helped strengthen the RAPS, enhance coordination between facilities, and improve mental health care in the region. (AU)

Resumen Se trata de una investigación cualitativa que busca entender el cuidado de la salud mental realizado por los equipos de los Núcleos Ampliados de Salud de la Familia y Atención Básica (NASF-AB) y Centro de Atención Psicosocial (CAPS), a partir de la inserción en la Red de Atención Psicosocial (RAPS). Se utilizó la Educación Permanente en Salud (EPS) como estrategia fundamental para el grupo-intervención, para manejar las dificultades y virtudes del proceso de articulación en red. Al ofrecer un espacio de diálogo entre profesionales de salud mental, fue posible caracterizar a los trabajadores de los servicios involucrados con la acción y analizar las categorías siguientes: (1) Estrategias para el trabajo articulado en salud mental; (2) Desafíos para el trabajo articulado en salud mental; (3) Pandemia y RAPS. Se contribuyó con el fortalecimiento de RAPS, articulación entre los equipos y perfeccionamiento del cuidado que se ofrece a la población con sufrimiento mental de la región. (AU)

Comparison of disinfection quality in nurseries of Nanjing during 2019-2021 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the disinfection quality and influencing factors of nurseries in Nanjing during 2019-2021, so as to provide a scientific basis for optimizing preventive disinfection strategies and measures in nurseries.@*Methods@#Environmental samples from 389 nurseries in Nanjing from January 2019 to December 2021 were tested, and the change of disinfection quality qualification rate was compared.@*Results@#The overall disinfection qualification rate of nurseries of year 2019-2021 were 96.32%, 95.85% and 94.60%, respectively, showing a downward trend ( χ 2 trend =8.67, P <0.05). Specifically, disinfection qualification rate of object surfaces, staff hands and tableware showed a downward trend, while the disinfection qualification rate of dynamic air showed an upward trend, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ 2 trend =23.17, 12.32, 5.37, 21.48, P <0.05). The total qualification rate of disinfection in Jiangning and Liuhe districts increased during 2019-2021( χ 2 trend =21.46, 24.05, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Disinfection quality of nurseries in Nanjing has declined by year during 2019-2021, especially the object surfaces and staff hands. It is urgent to optimize and refine the strategies and measures for preventive disinfection in nurseries, strengthen the training of personnel on disinfection knowledge, and ensure the quality of disinfection in nurseries.

Retrospective analysis of childcare center disinfection in some regions of Anhui Province during 2019-2022 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the status of childcare center disinfection around the COVID-19 pandemic, the needs of professional technical support, so as to give advice for improvement measures.@*Methods@#Using multi stage stratified sampling method, one was selected from each area of northern and southern Anhui Province, with 3 counties/districts selected from each city. A total of 54, 58, 60 childcare institutions were selected. A questionnaire survey, as well as on site visits and data check were administered in these childcare centers in Anhui Province were implemented. Information regarding the three stage disinfection work from 2019 to 2022 and technical support needs were collected.@*Results@#A total of 54, 58, 60 childcare centers were investigated in 2019, 2020 and 2021-2022. Most of the childcare centers recorded disinfection work (96.3%, 96.6%, 98.3%), while few of them ( 26.4% , 26.3%, 58.3%) monitored disinfection factor intensity. The implementing rate of disinfection effect evaluation was 68.3% at the stage of normal prevention and control, the highest demand rate for professional technical support was guidance and training ( 95.0% ), and the highest demand rate for training content was disinfectant preparation method (81.7%). There were significant differences in the rate of disinfection tableware room allocation (A: 93.3%, B: 70.0%), and the rate of disinfection effect evaluation among different cities (A: 53.3%, B: 83.3%)( χ 2=6.24, 5.46, P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#From 2019 to 2022, childcare center disinfection has significantly improved, however, disinfection factor intensity monitoring and disinfection effect evaluation are neglected during the stage of normal prevention and control. The demand for professional technical institutions to provide disinfectant preparation method guidance and training is high.It is suggested to strengthen the monitoring and evaluation of disinfection and related technical guidance.

Current status of health standards and health management system in childcare institutions / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Children in childcare institutions are involved with a high degree of contact, poor personal hygiene habits, low resistance, high incidence of disease, infections diseases are easily spread without proper public health management. Compared with child care centers, the construction of national standards, industry standards and management systems for primary and secondary school health is relatively complete, while the applicability of the current hygiene standards and management systems for childcare centers is worth exploring. By reviewing the previous literature, the study sorted out the current status of hygiene standards and hygiene management system in childcare institutions, and assesse their applicability in childcare institutions, so as to provide references for the establishment of hygiene standards and hygiene management system in childcare institutions.

Comprehensive evaluation of the epidemic warning and monitoring system for infectious disease aggregation in schools or daycare institutions with multi source data / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To comprehensively evaluate the early warning monitoring system (WMS) for infectious disease aggregation in schools or daycare institutions with multisource data, to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the system, and to provide a basis for optimizing its warning function and exploring further integration of other data sources.@*Methods@#The infectious disease warning data from the Chinese infectious disease Automated alert and Response System(ARS), the Student Health Monitoring System (SHMS) in Foshan City, Guangdong Province, and WMS were collected from January 2021 to July 2023. The indicators such as sensitivity, specificity, Youden index, positive predictive value, early warning and median timeliness were used to comprehensively evaluate the early warning monitoring system.@*Results@#The ARS was not sensitive to common infectious disease warnings in schools or daycare institutions. The median timeliness of the SHMS and the WMS was 1 day. The sensitivity of SHMS and the WMS for early warning of hand foot mouth disease, infectious diarrhea, influenza like cases, chickenpox and other infectious diseases were more than 70%, while the sensitivity for novel coronavirus infection were only 10.42% and 64.58% . The Youden index and positive predictors of the WMS were both the highest.@*Conclusion@#The WMS can timely and effectively warn schools or daycare institutions of clustered epidemics, improve the positive predictive value, but the data sources are still insufficient, and it is necessary to continuously increase the data sources in future exploration to improve the warning ability.

Percepção materna acerca da efetividade de intervenções educativas para estimulação de crianças de risco desenvolvimental / Maternal perception about the effectiveness of educational interventions to stimulate children at developmental risk / Percepción materna sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones educativas para estimular a los niños en riesgo de desarrollo

Objetivo: Evidenciar a percepção materna acerca da efetividade de uma intervenção educativa para estimulação de crianças com risco para o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. Métodos: Pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com mães que participaram de uma intervenção educativa em Centros Públicos de Referência em Educação Infantil em um município da Paraíba, sobre a estimulação do desenvolvimento infantil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, nos meses de março a julho 2018, e interpretados por meio da análise temática. Resultados: Destacaram-se a falta de orientação profissional como fragilidades para a estimulação infantil no domicílio, antes da intervenção. A sobrecarga física materna e a ausência paterna na estimulação da criança foram evidenciadas como dificultadores para realização da estimulação domiciliar. Por outro lado, o uso de metodologia ativa e os materiais educativos utilizados na intervenção educativa foram considerados facilitadores para melhora do conhecimento e empoderamento acerca da estimulação infantil. Conclusão: A intervenção educativa, na percepção materna, se mostrou efetiva por proporcionar transformação de atitudes quanto à estimulação dos seus filhos. Ademais, trouxe satisfação e motivação às mães para implementar os estímulos adequados após o novo conhecimento construído. (AU)

Objective: To highlight the maternal perception about the effectiveness of an educational intervention to stimulate children at risk for neuropsychomotor development. Methods: Qualitative research, carried out with mothers who participated in an educational intervention in Public Reference Centers in Early Childhood Education in a city in Paraíba, on the stimulation of child development. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, from March to July 2018, and interpreted through thematic analysis. Results: The lack of professional guidance was highlighted as weaknesses for child stimulation at home, before the intervention. The maternal physical overload and the father's absence in stimulation of the child were evidenced as difficulties to perform home stimulation. On the other hand, the use of active methodology and the educational materials used in the educational intervention were considered facilitators to improve knowledge and empowerment about child stimulation. Conclusion: The educational intervention, in the maternal perception, proved to be effective in providing a transformation of attitudes regarding the stimulation of their children. In addition, it brought satisfaction and motivation to the mothers to implement the appropriate stimuli after the new knowledge built. (AU)

Objetivo: Resaltar la percepción materna sobre la efectividad de una intervención educativa para estimular a niños en riesgo de desarrollo neuropsicomotor. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa, realizada con madres que participaron en una intervención educativa en Centros Públicos de Referencia en Educación Infantil de una ciudad de Paraíba, sobre la estimulación del desarrollo infantil. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, de marzo a julio de 2018, e interpretados mediante análisis temático. Resultados: La falta de orientación profesional se destacó como debilidades para la estimulación infantil en el hogar, antes de la intervención. La sobrecarga física materna y la ausencia del padre en la estimulación del niño se evidenciaron como dificultades para realizar la estimulación domiciliaria. Por otro lado, el uso de metodología activa y los materiales educativos utilizados en la intervención educativa fueron considerados facilitadores para mejorar el conocimiento y empoderamiento sobre la estimulación infantil. Conclusión: La intervención educativa, en la percepción materna, demostró ser efectiva en brindar una transformación de actitudes con respecto a la estimulación de sus hijos. Además, trajo satisfacción y motivación a las madres para implementar los estímulos adecuados luego de los nuevos conocimientos construidos. (AU)

Creches são ambientes saudáveis quando se trata de saúde bucal? / Are day care centers healthy environments, when it comes to oral health? / ¿Son saludables los jardines de infancia en lo que respecta a la salud bucal?

Creches são consideradas ambientes saudáveis, pois, para além de cumprir uma missão de educação, exercem influência em cuidados básicos de saúde, responsabilizando-se pela integridade física e emocional da criança, bem como orientando hábitos de higiene, alimentação e socialização interpessoal. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar ambientes de creches, compreendendo melhor os fatores de risco presentes e os padrões de comportamento ensinados, assim como sua associação com cárie dentária, traumatismo dentário e presença de biofilme. Trata-se de estudo transversal com utilização da Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scale Revised (ITERS-R), escala de avaliação de ambientes, conduzido em dois municípios do interior do estado do Rio de Janeiro, em creches públicas e particulares. Para avaliação das lesões de cárie, seguiu-se o critério do Sistema Internacional de Detecção e Avaliação de Cárie (ICDAS ­ International Caries Detection and Assessment System); para a presença de biofilme, o critério de Alaluusua e Malmivirta; e o critério descrito por O'Brien para lesões traumáticas. A associação entre ambiente e desfechos foi verificada através da comparação de médias para as variáveis numéricas, via teste t de Student e, para variáveis categóricas binárias, empregou-se a regressão logística. Foi verificada uma baixa qualidade dos ambientes das creches em relação à saúde bucal, ficando os escores médios de ambiente no valor mais baixo da escala (entre 1,2 e 1,4), e houve associação estatisticamente significante entre ambientes e cárie (RC: 0,51; IC: 0,29-0,88) e com biofilme (RC: 0,27; IC: 0,17-0,42). Conclui-se que existe uma inadequação do ambiente das creches que não contribui para a construção de conhecimentos relativos à educação para saúde bucal, que se associa com desfechos de saúde bucal. Pode-se, assim, considerar creches como ambientes não saudáveis em relação à saúde bucal.

Child Day Care Centers are considered healthy environments since, beyond the educational role, they still influence basic health care, taking responsibility for the physical and emotional integrity of the child, as well as guiding hygiene habits, feeding habits, and interpersonal socialization. Objectives: In this context, this study aimed to evaluate daycare environments, better understanding the health determinants present and the behavior patterns taught, as well as their association with dental caries, dental trauma, and the presence of biofilm. This is a cross-sectional study using the Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scale Revised (ITERS-R) for assessing environments, carried out in two municipalities in the interior of the state of Rio de Janeiro, in public and private day care centers. To evaluate caries lesions, the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) criterion was followed; for the presence of biofilm, the Alaluusua and Malmivirta criteria; and for traumatic injuries, the criterion described by O'Brien. The association between environment and outcomes was verified by comparing means for numerical variables, via Student's t-test and, for binary categorical variables, logistic regression was used. A low quality of day care centers regarding oral health was verified, with the average environment scores at the lowest value of the scale (between 1.2 and 1.4), and there was a statistically significant association between environments and caries (RC: 0.51; CI: 0.29-0.88) and with biofilm (RC: 0.27; CI: 0.17-0.42). In conclusion, there is an inadequacy of the day care environment that does not contribute to the construction of knowledge related to oral health education, which is associated with oral health outcomes. Therefore, day cares can be considered unhealthy environments regarding oral health.

Los jardines de infancia se consideran un ambiente saludable porque, además de cumplir una misión educativa, influyen en los cuidados básicos de la salud, se responsabilizan de la integridad física y emocional del niño, y orientan los hábitos de higiene, alimentación y socialización interpersonal. Por tanto, este estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar ambientes de jardines de infancia para comprender mejor los factores de riesgo presentes y padrones de comportamiento enseñados, así como su asociación con la caries dental, traumatismo dental y presencia de biopelícula. Este es un estudio transversal con utilización de escala Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scale Revised (ITERS-R), la evaluación de ambientes en guarderías públicas y particulares en dos municipios del estado de Río de Janeiro. Para la evaluación de las lesiones de caries, se siguieron los criterios del International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS); para una presencia de biopelícula se utilizó el criterio de Alaluusua y Malmivirta, y el descrito por O'Brien para lesiones traumáticas. La asociación entre el ambiente y los resultados se observó por medio de la comparación de medias para las variables numéricas, mediante la prueba t de Student, y para las variables categóricas binarias, se utilizó la Regresión Logística. Se constató una baja calidad de los ambientes con relación a la salud bucal, con puntajes promedio de ambiente en el valor más bajo de la escala (entre 1,2 y 1,4) y hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre ambientes y caries (OR: 0,51; IC: 0,29-0,88) y con biopelícula (OR 0,27; IC: 0,17-0,42). Se concluye que las guarderías son inadecuadas, porque no contribuyen a la construcción de conocimientos relacionados con la educación en salud bucal y esto se asocia a resultados de salud oral. Se puede, de esa forma, considerarlos ambientes no saludables relacionados a la salud bucal.

Processo de trabalho e sofrimento institucional em Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infanto-juvenis (Capsi): uma pesquisa-intervenção junto a trabalhadores / Work process and institutional suffering in Children and Youth Psychosocial Care Centers (Capsi): an intervention research with workers / Processus de travail et souffrance institutionnelle dans des Centres de soins psychosociaux pour enfants et adolescents (Capsi) : une recherche-intervention auprès de ses intervenants / Proceso de trabajo y sufrimiento institucional en los Centros de Atención Psicosocial para Niños y Adolescentes (Capsi): una investigación-intervención con trabajadores

Esta avaliação participativa junto a trabalhadores dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil de um município de grande porte do sudeste brasileiro enfoca o processo de trabalho e sua relação com o sofrimento institucional, na perspectiva de René Käes. O curso ofertado para tal envolveu a construção e validação de narrativas junto a trabalhadores, pactuação de indicadores de avaliação e um guia de boas práticas. Os trabalhadores expressaram modalidades de sofrimento institucional relacionadas com: condições de trabalho, relações na instituição, falta de espaço de diálogo e formação permanente, como a supervisão clínico-institucional. Manifestaram ainda uma importante identificação com os valores das reformas sanitária e psiquiátrica e com a história peculiar das políticas de saúde no município, que contribuiu para a manutenção do que Onocko-Campos denomina "ilusão institucional".

Resumos This participatory evaluation involving workers from Psychosocial Care Centers for Children and Adolescents in a large city in southeastern Brazil addresses the work process and its relationship with institutional suffering from the perspective of René Käes. A course was offered to workers that involved the construction and validation of narratives, an agreement on evaluation indicators and a guide to good practices. Workers expressed different types of institutional suffering that was related to working conditions, relationships at the institution and lack of spaces for dialogue and permanent training, such as institutional clinical supervision. They also showed that they are highly identify with the values of the health and psychiatric reforms, as well as with the city's peculiar history of health policies, which contributed to keep up what Onocko-Campos calls "institutional illusion".

Le travail fait partie d'une évaluation participative avec des travailleurs des Centres de Soins Psychosociaux pour Enfants et Adolescents dans une grande ville du sud-est du Brésil, où nous abordons le processus de travail et son rapport avec ce que René Käes conceptualise comme souffrance institutionnelle. Un cours a été proposé qui impliquait la construction et la validation de récits avec les travailleurs, un accord sur des indicateurs d'évaluation et un guide de bonnes pratiques. Les travailleurs expriment de différents types de souffrances institutionnelles qui sont liées aux conditions de travail, aux rapports dans l'institution et au manque d'espaces de dialogue et de formation permanente, comme la supervision clinique institutionnel. Ils manifestent également une identification importante avec les valeurs des réformes sanitaires et psychiatriques, ainsi qu'avec l'histoire particulière des politiques de santé de la municipalité, ce qui a contribué à la préservation de ce que Onocko-Campos appelle « l'illusion institutionnelle ¼.

Esta evaluación participativa con los trabajadores de los Centros de Atención Psicosocial para Niños y Adolescentes de un gran municipio de la región sureste de Brasil se enfoca en el proceso de trabajo y en su relación con el sufrimiento institucional, desde la perspectiva de René Käes. Para este fin, se ofreció un curso que incluía la construcción y validación de narrativas con los trabajadores, el consenso sobre los indicadores de evaluación y una guía de buenas prácticas. Los trabajadores expresaron diferentes tipos de sufrimiento institucional relacionados con: las condiciones de trabajo, las relaciones en la institución, la falta de espacios de diálogo y de formación permanente, así como con la supervisión clínica institucional. También manifestaron una importante identificación con los valores de las reformas sanitaria y psiquiátrica, y con la peculiar historia de las políticas de salud en el municipio, que contribuyeron al mantenimiento de lo que Onocko-Campos denomina "ilusión institucional".

Effect of oral health intervention program on the self oral care of children attending childcare facilities: a quasi-experimental study

This study aimed to conduct a quasi-experimental study for assessing the effects of an oral health intervention program (OHIP), on the self-management of oral health in children attending childcare centers. The participants recruited were 83 children from two childcare centers, who were allocated to the intervention and control groups. The intervention group received the OHIP. At baseline, a self-reported survey of parents was conducted. In addition, the oral status of the children at baseline and at 5 weeks was evaluated. Their brushing behavior was assessed once a week and every day during the OHIP intervention period and at home, respectively. After the follow-up at 12 weeks, dental plaque index (PI) was measured and two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was performed. The PI of the intervention group significantly decreased at week 5, compared to the baseline (1.90 ± 0.53, p < 0.001). Despite a substantial increase in week 12 (2.67 ± 0.08, p < 0.001), the PI was significantly lower than that of the control group (3.37 ± 0.60). The OHIP was effective in reducing the PI and modifying the brushing behavior among children. It is necessary to develop and expand a systematic oral health education program to promote self-management of oral health in children.

Contribution of ultra-processed food to the nutritional dietary profile of young children school feeding / Contribuição de alimentos ultraprocessados para o perfil nutricional da alimentação escolar em creches

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the contribution of ultra-processed food to the nutritional dietary profile of school feeding in public child day-care centers. Methods Cross-sectional study carried out from June-November/2013. Samples from six daily meals were collected in twenty non-consecutive days. A total of 117 school meals (123 food items) were offered to children from 12-36 months of age. The served portions were determined by direct weighting. Physicochemical analyses were performed to establish the nutritional composition. School meals were classified according to the processing degree: (A) unprocessed/minimally processed/culinary preparations, (B) processed food, or (C) ultra-processed food. The contribution of each group to the quantity of energy, macronutrients and sodium was calculated. Student's t test was applied for comparison between groups. Results Ultra-processed meals contributed to 45.8% of energy, 33.9% of lipids, 42.8% of proteins, 48.9% of carbohydrates, and 20.9% of sodium. All lunches and 90% of dinners were classified as unprocessed/minimally processed/culinary preparations. 39.0% of the meals were ultra-processed (mainly breakfast and snacks). Ultra-processed meals had a greater quantity of energy (p=0.026) and carbohydrates (p<0.001) per serving, while unprocessed/minimally processed/culinary preparations offered more sodium per serving (p<0.001). Conclusion Although most meals were classified as unprocessed/minimally processed/culinary preparations, ultra-processed food, which should be avoided at this stage of life, are offered daily, contributing with higher energy and carbohydrates offer per serving. The municipality need to improve the quality of the meals offered to children in these child day-care centers, observing the new Resolution nº 6/2020 that came into effect in 2021.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a contribuição de alimentos ultraprocessados no perfil nutricional da alimentação escolar ofertada em Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil. Métodos Estudo seccional conduzido entre junho e novembro/2013. Amostras das seis refeições diárias foram coletadas durante 20 dias não consecutivos. Cento e dezessete refeições (123 itens alimentares) foram ofertadas a crianças de 12 a 36 meses. O tamanho das porções foi determinado por pesagem direta e a composição nutricional, por análises físico-químicas. As refeições escolares foram classificadas de acordo com o grau de processamento: (A) in natura/minimamente processados/preparações culinárias; (B) processados; (C) ultraprocessados. Foi calculada a contribuição de cada grupo para energia, macronutrientes e sódio. O Teste t foi utilizado para comparação entre os grupos. Resultados As refeições ultraprocessadas contribuíram com 45,8% de energia, 33,9% de lipídios, 42,8% de proteínas, 48,9% dos carboidratos e 20,9% do sódio ofertados. Todos os almoços e 90% dos jantares foram classificados como in natura/minimamente processados/preparações culinárias. 39,0% das refeições foram classificadas como ultraprocessadas (principalmente café da manhã e lanches). Refeições ultraprocessadas ofereceram maior quantidade de energia (p=0,026) e carboidratos (p<0,001) por porção, enquanto refeições in natura/minimamente processados/preparações culinárias forneceram mais sódio por porção (p<0,001). Conclusão Apesar da predominância de refeições in natura/minimamente processados/preparações culinárias, os alimentos ultraprocessados - que deveriam ser evitados nessa fase da vida, são ofertados diariamente, contribuindo com maior quantidade de energia e carboidratos por porção. É necessário que o município reavalie as refeições ofertadas às crianças nesses Centros de Educação Infantil, seguindo as recomendações atuais da Resolução nº 6/2020, que entrou em vigor em 2021.

Investigation and analysis of cognition and clinical practice status of ERAS among anesthesiologists in secondary hospitals in China / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To investigate the cognition and clinical practice status of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) among anesthesiologists in secondary hospitals in China using a questionnaire, trying to provide some references for the promotion and popularization of ERAS across China.Methods:From April to November 2021, anesthesiologists in secondary public hospitals across the country were enrolled by convenience sampling and investigated by a self-designed questionnaire on the cognition, clinical practice status and their teaching needs about ERAS.Influencing factors of ERAS cognition were then analyzed.Results:Totally 879 questionnaires were sent out, 864 were effectively received with effective recovery of 98.3%.The anesthesiologists in this survey were distributed in 31 provincial administrative regions across the country.The score of the ERAS cognition (total score of 18) was 12.00 (3.75), and 563 participants (65.2%) were qualified on cognitive status (score ≥ 12). Geographic region, age, educational qualification, professional title and length of occupation were found to have significant influence on ERAS cognition ( P<0.05). Among the anesthesiologists who participated in the survey, 817 participants (94.6%) recognized that ERAS management was beneficial to patients, and 778 (90.0%) of them agreed that ERAS management should be carried out as much as possible in secondary hospitals.Two hundred and fifty-five (29.5%) participants had never implemented ERAS management in clinic anesthesia.There were significant differences in the ERAS practice status among participants from different geographical regions in China ( P<0.05). Eight hundred and forty-eight (98.1%) anesthesiologists who participated in the survey expressed their willingness to receive further systematic training on ERAS, and taking online courses and reading books were the current main ways to obtain related knowledge. Conclusions:The cognition and clinical practice status of ERAS need to be improved among anesthesiologists in secondary hospitals in our country.Sustained ERAS education programs with various forms should be carried out in subgrade medical care centers in order to continuously promote the extensive practice of ERAS across China.

Virtual day center for people with dementia and their caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic / Centro dia virtual para pessoas com demência e seus cuidadores durante a pandemia COVID-19

ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic suspended face-to-face assistance offered by community spaces, such as day centers (DCs). People with dementia (PwD) and their families were faced with the risks posed by social detachment and suspension of treatments. Objective: This study aimed to present a virtual day center (VDC) program offered as a preventive strategy to reduce the damage caused by social isolation and interruption of treatment imposed by the pandemic. Methods: The experience report, describing the feasibility of a VDC program, offered to 26 PwD and their caregivers, during the first year of the pandemic. The VDC held individual and group meetings with PwD and their families and psychoeducational support groups for caregivers. Results: The attendance rate in group activities was 80%, and that in the caregiver group was 68%, showing a good virtual interaction. Throughout the year, three PwD interrupted the service due to difficulties of the caregivers to reconcile the schedules of the activities with their professional commitments and the absence of a support network, three others died, and two were institutionalized. PwD remained physically, socially, and cognitively active through daily virtual activities. Guidance and support for caregivers contributed to the organization of routines and adaptation to the isolation and maintenance of the bond. Family meetings made it possible to mediate conflicts and expand the support network. Conclusions: VDC is a promising modality to assist the needs and demands of PwD and their caregivers. VDC can contribute to the expansion of this intervention to individuals and families who do not have access to face-to-face treatment.

RESUMO A pandemia da COVID-19 impôs a suspensão da assistência presencial oferecida por espaços comunitários, como centros dias. Pessoas com demência (PcD) e seus familiares enfrentam os riscos do distanciamento social e da suspensão dos tratamentos. Objetivos: Apresentar um programa de centro dia virtual (CDV) oferecido como estratégia preventiva para reduzir os danos causados pelo isolamento social e interrupção do tratamento impostos pela pandemia. Métodos: Relato de experiência, descrevendo a viabilidade de um programa VDC, oferecido a 26 PcD e seus cuidadores, durante o primeiro ano da pandemia. O CDV realizou reuniões individuais e em grupo com PcD e seus familiares e grupos de apoio psicoeducacional para cuidadores. Resultados: A taxa de comparecimento nas atividades em grupo foi de 80% e nos grupos de cuidadores foi 68%, demonstrando uma boa interação virtual. Ao longo do ano, três PcD interromperam o atendimento por dificuldade dos cuidadores em conciliar os horários das atividades com seus compromissos profissionais e ausência de rede de apoio, outros três faleceram e dois foram institucionalizados. PcD mantiveram-se física, social e cognitivamente ativas por meio de atividades virtuais diárias. A orientação e o apoio aos cuidadores contribuíram para a organização das rotinas, a adaptação ao isolamento e manutenção do vínculo. As reuniões familiares possibilitaram mediar conflitos e ampliar a rede de apoio. Conclusões: o CDV é uma modalidade promissora para atender às necessidades e demandas de PcD e seus cuidadores. O CDV pode contribuir para a expansão dessa intervenção a indivíduos e famílias que não têm acesso ao tratamento presencial.